![]() ![]() īoase MR, Lewis DH, Davies KM, Marshall GB, Patel D, Schwinn KE, Deroles SC (2010) Isolation and antisense suppression of flavonoid 3′, 5′ -hydroxylase modifies flower pigments and colour in cyclamen. īashandy H, Teeri TH (2017) Genetically engineered orange petunias on the market. Īzadi P, Bagheri H, Nalousi AM, Nazari F, Chandler SF (2016) Current status and biotechnological advances in genetic engineering of ornamental plants. Īzadi P, Otang NV, Chin DP, Nakamura I, Fujisawa M, Harada H, Misawa N, Mii M (2010) Metabolic engineering of Lilium × formolongi using multiple genes of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Īriizumi T, Kishimoto S, Kakami R, Maoka T, Hirakawa H, Suzuki Y, Ozeki Y, Shirasawa K, Bernillon S, Okabe Y, Moing A, Asamizu E, Rothan C, Ohmiya A, Ezura H (2014) Identification of the carotenoid modifying gene PALE YELLOW PETAL 1 as an essential factor in xanthophyll esterification and yellow flower pigmentation in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum). ![]() Īkita Y, Kitamura S, Hase Y, Narumi I, Ishizaka H, Kondo E, Kameari N, Nakayama M, Tanikawa N, Morita Y, Tanaka A (2011) Isolation and characterization of the fragment cyclamen O-methyltransferase involved in flower coloration. Īida R, Ohira K, Tanaka Y, Yoshida K, Kishimoto S, Shibata M, Omiya A (2004) Efficient transgene expression in chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura, by using the promoter of a gene for chrysanthemum chlorophyll-a/b-binding protein. KeywordsĪida R (2008) Torenia fournieri (torenia) as a model plant for transgenic studies. Though this has been from a non-intentional release of a genetically modified organism, the case provides a good example to show that a combination of genetic engineering and hybridization breeding can produce commercially highly sought after cultivars. Orange petunia expressing maize dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene and accumulating non-native pelargonidin have been grown worldwide. Expression of the anthocyanin 3′,5′-glucosyltransferase gene in chrysanthemum in addition to flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase resulted in production of pure blue flower color due to a copigmentation effect with endogenous flavones. Violet carnations, roses, and chrysanthemums have been developed by expressing a petunia, pansy, or campanula flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase gene, and genetically modified carnation and rose varieties have been commercialized. Technical skills and enough finance are also necessary to obtain permits to commercialize genetically modified plants. ![]() An efficient transformation system for each target species has to be established. As well as a suitable genetic background, it is also important to select hosts with a high market position and value. In addition to expression of heterologous gene, downregulation of competing pathways and/or using color biosynthesis mutant hosts is necessary. Highly efficient expression of a heterologous gene(s) can be achieved by an optimal combination of promoter, translational enhancer, coding region sequence, and terminator. General tactics for successful engineering flower color have been established on the basis of engineering results obtained in model species such as petunia and torenia. Engineering the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway by expressing a heterologous gene has made it possible to obtain color varieties that cannot be achieved within a species by hybridization or mutational breeding. Flowers often contain specific flavonoids, and thus limited flower colors are available within a species due to genetic constraints. Flower color is mainly determined by the constituent profile of the chemicals flavonoids and the colored subclass of those compounds, the anthocyanins. ![]()
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